Method, apparatus and communication unit

ABSTRACT

A method, an apparatus and a communication unit for generating precoding feedback information in a multiple frequency radio transmission system are disclosed. A rank for precoding matrices, wherein the rank is constant over the multiple frequencies, is selected and a plurality of precoding matrices having the selected rank are selected. A different precoding matrix is selected for each frequency subset of the multiple frequencies.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/284,683, filed May 22, 2014, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND COMMUNICATION UNIT,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/478,447, filed May 23, 2012, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND COMMUNICATION UNIT,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/194,640, filed Aug. 20, 2008, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS AND COMMUNICATION UNIT.” The entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes, except for those sections, if any, that are inconsistent with this specification.

FIELD

This invention relates to methods for generating feedback information in radio transmission systems, devices for generating feedback information in radio transmission systems and communication units in radio transmission systems.

BACKGROUND

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems use multiple data streams. Precoding can be provided to manipulate multiple data streams in MIMO communication systems by applying precoding matrices to the data streams.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a method according to one exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a device 20 according to one exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a device 30 according to one exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating a pillar diagram.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are generally utilized to refer to like elements throughout, and wherein the various structures are not necessarily drawn to scale. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects of embodiments of the invention. It may be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that one or more aspects of the embodiments of the invention may be practiced with a lesser degree of these specific details. In other instances, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing one or more aspects of the embodiments of the invention. The following description is therefore not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.

Methods and apparatuses as described herein may be utilized for radio transmission systems, in particular Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems operating in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) mode in one embodiment. The apparatuses disclosed may be embodied in baseband segments of devices used for reception of radio signals, such as mobile phones, handheld devices and/or mobile radio receivers or in mobile radio base stations, in particular radio transmitters. The described apparatuses may be employed to perform methods as disclosed herein, although those methods may be performed in any other way as well, in particular outside baseband chips of mobile radio receivers and/or mobile phones.

A radio transmission link, in particular an OFDM communication link may be operable with an amount of N subcarriers, with N being an integer equal to or greater than 1. Subcarriers of such radio transmission systems may comprise a single frequency each. They may also comprise a plurality of frequencies, for example adjoining frequencies in a frequency range or any arbitrary subset of frequencies. In one embodiment, the number of frequencies included in a subcarrier may not be limited to any number of frequencies. For transmission of radio signals, such as OFDM radio signals, N_(T) transmit antennas may be used, for example in transmission diversity mode, to transmit the signals in N_(S) modulated data streams d_(i), wherein i ranges from 1 to N. The radio signals may be received by N_(R) receive antennas. Using this transmission method, up to N_(S)=min(N_(T),N_(R)) modulated data streams d_(i) may be transmitted simultaneously, i.e. multiplexed in space.

In one embodiment, the data streams d_(i) may have been modulated in the transmission device, for example a mobile radio base station, using modulation techniques commonly known to one in the art. The modulated data streams d_(i) may be precoded using a precoding matrix P_(i) having N_(T) lines and N_(S) columns and then be transmitted using the N_(T) transmit antennas. The precoding matrices P_(i) may have complex values. In particular, the precoding matrices P_(i) may be chosen to originate from the codebook C defined in the 3GPP-LTE standard. The codebook C contains precoding matrices P which satisfy the transmit power constraint: ∥P∥ ² _(F) =P _(T).  (1)

The modulated and precoded data streams P_(i)d_(i) may then be transmitted over transmission channels having channel transmission characteristics H_(i). The channel transmission characteristics may be estimated in the transmitter and/or the receiver. According to the channel transmission characteristics the precoding matrices P_(i) may be selected adaptively. Additionally the modulated, precoded and channel-modulated data streams H_(i)P_(i)d_(i) may be distorted by additive spatially white Gaussian noise n_(i). The Gaussian noise may in particular be dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio of the transmitted data streams. A receive signal y_(i) at N_(R) antennas on subcarrier i may be: y=H _(i) P _(i) d _(i) +n _(i).  (2)

Precoding matrices P_(i) may be selected dependent on the channel characteristics H_(i). In particular, precoding matrices P_(i) may be selected such that the data capacity of a MIMO communication link employed by the transmitter is optimally used, i.e. the data rate F of the communication channel is as high as possible. The data rate F of a MIMO communication link may be expressed as F(P _(i) ;H _(i))=log₂ det(I+H _(i) P _(i) P _(i) ^(H) H _(i) ^(H)σ_(n) ⁻²),  (3) wherein the superscript H denotes the adjoint matrix, i.e. the Hermitian transpose, of the associated matrix, and σ_(n) denotes the strength of the additive spatially white Gaussian noise n_(i). Other choices for the function F describing the data rate may be applicable as well and such variations are contemplated as falling within the scope of the invention.

The data rate F may depend on the choice of precoding matrices P_(i) and the channel transmission characteristics H_(i). Different optimization techniques may be utilized to maximize the data rate F. Depending on the receiver used for reception of the receive signal, different techniques may be used to extract the data from the receive signal, for example serial interference cancellation (SIC) or minimizing the mean square error (MMSE). Therefore, the optimization of the data rate may be tailored according to the type of receiver according to various embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, techniques which minimize the mean square error may be performed by using a linear MIMO equalizer (MMSE equalizer) in the receiver. Assuming a MMSE equalizer in the receiver, the data rate F_(M) to be optimized may be expressed as F _(M)(P _(i) ;H _(i))=Σ_(k=1) ^(N) ^(S) log₂(1+SINR_(i,k))=−Σ_(k=1) ^(N) ^(S) log₂(σ_(n) ²└(P _(i) ^(H) H _(i) ^(H) H _(i) P _(i)+σ_(n) ² I)⁻¹┘_(k,k)),  (4) wherein I denotes the unit matrix and SINR_(i,k) the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio of the k-th data stream on subcarrier i. The optimization therefore may aim to maximize the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio SINR_(i,k) after equalization (post-equalization SINR) in one embodiment.

In one embodiment, the precoding matrices P_(i) may be selected such that for each subcarrier a different precoding matrix P_(i) is chosen. Additionally, for each subcarrier the rank R_(i) of the associated precoding matrix P_(i) may be selected independently of the ranks of the remaining subcarriers. If the radio transmission system is operating according to the LTE standard in one embodiment, the ranks R_(i) of the precoding matrices P_(i) are all equal to R over the whole frequency band, i.e. the rank R is selected to be constant for each of the precoding matrices P_(i). If the rank R is selected to be constant, the precoding matrices P_(i) may be selected from a subset of the entirety of precoding matrices P_(i). In other words, the selection process for the precoding matrices P_(i) is restricted to the pool of precoding matrices having the desired rank R.

In one embodiment, selecting precoding matrices P_(i) may include solving an optimization problem. For different ranks R_(i) over every subcarrier the optimization problem may be set to

$\begin{matrix} {{\max\limits_{{\{{P_{i} \in C}\}}_{i = 1}^{N}}{\sum_{i = 1}^{N}{F\left( {P_{i};H_{i}} \right)}}} = {\max\limits_{{\{ R_{i}\}}_{i = 1}^{N}}{\max\limits_{{\{{P_{i} \in C_{R_{i}}}\}}_{i = 1}^{N}}{\sum_{i = 1}^{N}{{F\left( {P_{i};H_{i}} \right)}.}}}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

For a constant rank R over every subcarrier the optimization problem simplifies to

$\begin{matrix} {\max\limits_{R}{\max\limits_{{\{{P_{i} \in C_{R}}\}}_{i = 1}^{N}}{\sum_{i = 1}^{N}{{F\left( {P_{i};H_{i}} \right)}.}}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$

With the optimization problem given in equation (6) for every possible R, every possible combination of precoding matrices P_(i) with the corresponding rank R has to be evaluated.

FIG. 1 shows a method according to one exemplary embodiment. First, estimates for the channel transmission characteristics H_(i) may be generated at 100. The estimates for the channel transmission characteristics may be provided in one embodiment by means commonly known to ones skilled in the art. The generated estimates may be used to select a wideband precoding matrix P of 102. In other words, a precoding matrix P may be selected such that the data rate over the whole frequency band is maximized in one embodiment. In one embodiment, the precoding matrix P may be selected to optimize the expression

$\begin{matrix} {\max\limits_{P \in C}{\sum_{i = 1}^{N}{{F\left( {P;H_{i}} \right)}.}}} & (7) \end{matrix}$

Solving this particular optimization problem may be performed by using an approximation for the sum in equation (7): Σ_(i=1) ^(N) F(P;H _(i))≈F _(C)(P ^(H) R _(Tx) P),  (8) wherein R_(Tx) is the maximum likelihood estimate of the transmit correlation matrix and F_(C)(M) may, for example, be a cost function defined by F _(C)(M)=log₂ det(I+Mσ _(n) ⁻²).  (9)

Other definitions for the cost function may be used as well in alternative embodiments, depending on the type of receiver receiving the receive signal. The particular cost function F_(C)(M) as described in this embodiment may be considered for serial interference cancellation (SIC) or minimizing the mean square error (MMSE) in the receiver. R_(Tx) (the maximum likelihood estimate of the transmit correlation matrix) may further be defined as R _(Tx) =N ⁻¹Σ_(i=1) ^(N) H _(i) ^(H) H _(i) ≈E(H _(i) ^(H) H),  (10) wherein E(X) is the arithmetical mean function of the value X, i.e. the expectation value of the variable X. When selecting the wideband precoding matrix P the optimization problem to be solved may thus be

$\begin{matrix} {\max\limits_{P \in C}{\log_{2}{{\det\left( {I + {P^{H}R_{Tx}P\;\sigma_{n}^{- 2}}} \right)}.}}} & (11) \end{matrix}$

The optimization problem given in Equation (10) may describe a system with a SIC receiver. For a linear MMSE receiver, the optimization problem may become

$\begin{matrix} {{\min\limits_{P \in C}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N_{s}}{\log_{2}\left( \left( {I + {P^{H}R_{Tx}P\;\sigma_{n}^{- 2}}} \right)_{k,k}^{- 1} \right)}}},} & (12) \end{matrix}$ which may be transformed into a minimization problem of the geometric mean of minimum MSEs

$\begin{matrix} {\min\limits_{P \in C}{\prod_{k = 1}^{N_{s}}{\left( \left( {I + {P^{H}R_{Tx}P\;\sigma_{n}^{- 2}}} \right)_{k,k}^{- 1} \right).}}} & (13) \end{matrix}$

When the wideband precoding matrix P has been selected at 102 of FIG. 1 according to one of the optimization problems given in equations (7), (11), (12) or (13), the rank R of the wideband precoding matrix P may be selected at 104 in one embodiment as the optimized wideband rank R, which may be held constant over the whole frequency band, i.e. over all N subcarriers i. The rank R may alternatively be selected according to the mean transmit correlation matrix R_(Tx) over all subcarriers i. Feedback information regarding the selected wideband precoding matrix P may be output to other components at 106 in the radio transmission system, in particular a precoding matrix index (PMI). Additionally, feedback information regarding the selected rank R may be output to other components at 108 in the radio transmission system. Feedback information regarding the precoding matrix index (PMI) of the selected wideband precoding matrix P and/or the selected rank R may be transmitted to the radio transmitter transmitting the modulated data streams d_(i) in one embodiment.

In another step, optimization problems similar to optimization problems given in equations (7), (11), (12) and/or (13) may be solved for each subcarrier i. Precoding matrices P_(i) may be selected at 110 from a subset of precoding matrices P_(i) having the previously selected rank R according to the optimization problem

$\begin{matrix} {\max\limits_{{\{{P_{i} \in C_{R}}\}}_{i = 1}^{N}}{\sum_{i = 1}^{N}{{F\left( {P_{i};H_{i}} \right)}.}}} & (14) \end{matrix}$

If the optimization problem is to be solved, when a linear MMSE equalizer is assumed in the receiver in one embodiment, the respective optimization problem may be

$\begin{matrix} {\min\limits_{{\{{P_{i} \in C_{R}}\}}_{i = 1}^{N}}{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{N_{s}}{{\log_{2}\left( \left( {I + {P_{i}^{H}R_{Tx}P_{i}\sigma_{n}^{- 2}}} \right)_{k,k}^{- 1} \right)}.}}} & (15) \end{matrix}$

Similarly to equation (13), the optimization problem of equation (15) may be transformed to

$\begin{matrix} {\min\limits_{{\{{P_{i} \in C_{R}}\}}_{i = 1}^{N}}{\prod_{k = 1}^{N_{s}}{\left( \left( {I + {P^{H}R_{Tx}P\;\sigma_{n}^{- 2}}} \right)_{k,k}^{- 1} \right).}}} & (16) \end{matrix}$

In equations (14) to (16), the subset CR of precoding matrices P_(i) only contains precoding matrices Pi with the selected rank R. The precoding matrices P_(i) for each subcarrier i may be selected depending on the mean transmit correlation matrix over the frequencies in the associated subcarrier i. Feedback information on the plurality of selected precoding matrices P_(i) may be output to other components of the radio transmission system at 112, in particular to the transmitter, i.e. the base station of the radio transmission system. Feedback on the plurality of selected precoding matrices P_(i) may include precoding matrix indices (PMI) of at least one of the plurality of precoding matrices P_(i).

In FIG. 2 an apparatus 20 according to one exemplary embodiment is shown. The apparatus 20 may be a precoding feedback information generator configured to generate precoding feedback information in a radio transmission system such as a MIMO communication system operable in an OFDM mode. The apparatus 20 may include a wideband precoding matrix selector 21 and a narrow band precoding matrix selector 1. The wideband precoding matrix selector 21 may be fed with estimates of the channel transmission characteristics and may output a selected wideband precoding matrix P having a selected rank R to the narrow band precoding matrix selector 1. The narrow band precoding matrix selector 1 may be configured to output a plurality of narrow band precoding matrices P_(i) for each subcarrier i of the radio transmission system and to output feedback information on the plurality of narrow band precoding matrices P_(i) for each subcarrier i, in particular precoding matrix indices (PMI). The apparatus 20 may be configured to perform a method as illustrated in FIG. 1 in one embodiment.

In FIG. 3 an apparatus 30 according to one exemplary embodiment is shown. The apparatus 30 may be a precoding feedback information generator configured to generate precoding feedback information in a radio transmission system such as a MIMO communication system operable in an OFDM mode. The apparatus 30 may include a precoding matrix rank selector 31 and a precoding matrix selector 1. The precoding matrix rank selector 31 may be fed with estimates of the channel transmission characteristics H_(i) and may output a selected rank for a precoding matrix P to the precoding matrix selector 1. The precoding matrix selector 1 may be configured to output a plurality of precoding matrices P_(i) having the selected rank R output by the precoding matrix rank selector 31 for each subcarrier i of the radio transmission system, and further configured to output feedback information on the plurality of narrow band precoding matrices Pi for each subcarrier i, such as precoding matrix indices (PMI) in one embodiment. The apparatus 30 may in particular be configured to perform a method as illustrated in FIG. 1.

In FIG. 4 a graph illustrating a pillar diagram is shown. As an example, an LTE system with a 2×4 MIMO link having four transmit antennas and two receive antennas, i.e. N_(T)=4, N_(R)=2, and 1200 subcarriers divided in sub-bands of 48 subcarriers each is contemplated. The precoding matrices have been selected from the precoding codebook C with a minimum feedback period of 1 ms.

Pillars 41 to 48 represent the amounts of real value operations in million instructions per second for different real value operations in different computational methods. Pillars 41 to 44 show the amounts of real value additions in different computational methods. Pillar 41 represents the number of real value additions, when evaluating precoding matrices Pi for each sub-band of subcarriers according to equation (4) using a linear MMSE equalizer without evaluating a wideband precoding matrix P having a constant rank R before. The associated optimization problem to be solved is given in equation (6). Pillars 42 and 43 each represent the number of real value additions when solving an optimization problem as given in equation (15), where narrow band precoding matrices Pi are selected, wherein pillar 42 represents the worst assumable case and pillar 43 represents the best assumable case. Both pillar 42 and pillar 43 show a considerably lower number of real value additions than pillar 41, since for the optimization problem of equation (15) a considerably lower amount of function evaluations is necessary than for the optimization problem of equation (6). Pillar 44 represents the number of real value additions when solving an optimization problem as given in equation (13), where an optimized wideband precoding matrix P over a whole frequency band is selected.

Pillars 45 to 48 represent respective numbers as pillars 41 to 44, respectively, for real value multiplications instead of real value additions. Again, the number of real value additions for pillar 45 is higher than the number of real value additions for pillars 46 and 47.

In addition, while a particular feature or aspect of an embodiment of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature or aspect may be combined with one or more other features or aspects of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “include”, “have”, “with”, or other variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise”. The terms “coupled” and “connected”, along with derivatives may have been used. It should be understood that these terms may have been used to indicate that two elements co-operate or interact with each other regardless whether they are in direct physical or electrical contact, or they are not in direct contact with each other. Furthermore, it should be understood that embodiments of the invention may be implemented in discrete circuits, partially integrated circuits or fully integrated circuits or programming means. Also, the term “exemplary” is merely meant as an example, rather than the best or optimal. It is also to be appreciated that features and/or elements depicted herein are illustrated with particular dimensions relative to one another for purposes of simplicity and ease of understanding, and that actual dimensions may differ substantially from that illustrated herein. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. One or more non-transitory, computer-readable media having instructions that, when executed, cause a device to: determine a rank for a set of sub-bands; generate a rank feedback regarding the rank; select a sub-band precoding matrix for a sub-band from the set of the sub-bands; generate a sub-band precoding matrix index (PMI) regarding the sub-band precoding matrix based on the rank that is determined for the set of sub-bands; and decode a data stream transmitted based on the sub-band precoding matrix.
 2. The one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media of claim 1, wherein the sub-band precoding matrix is selected according to 3GPP-LTE standard.
 3. The one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to select the sub-band precoding matrix from a precoding codebook for the selected sub-band.
 4. The one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to select the sub-band precoding matrix to maximize a data rate of the data stream.
 5. One or more non-transitory, computer-readable media having instructions that, when executed, cause a device to: determine a rank for a set of sub-bands; generate a rank feedback regarding the rank; select a sub-band precoding matrix for a sub-band from the set of the sub-bands; and generate a sub-band precoding matrix index (PMI) regarding the sub-band precoding matrix based on the rank that is determined for the set of sub-bands, wherein the rank is constant over the set of sub-bands.
 6. One or more non-transitory, computer-readable media having instructions that, when executed, cause a device to: determine a rank for a set of sub-bands; generate a rank feedback regarding the rank; select a sub-band precoding matrix for a sub-band from the set of the sub-bands; generate a sub-band precoding matrix index (PMI) regarding the sub-band precoding matrix based on the rank that is determined for the set of sub-bands; and select a wideband precoding matrix for the set of sub-bands from a precoding codebook for the set of sub-bands.
 7. The one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media of claim 6, wherein the wideband precoding matrix is based on a maximum likelihood estimate of a transmit correlation matrix.
 8. The one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media of claim 6, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to: generate a wideband precoding matrix index (PMI) of the selected wideband precoding matrix.
 9. The one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media of claim 6, wherein the wideband precoding matrix is constant over the set of sub-bands.
 10. An apparatus, comprising: rank selector circuitry to provide a feedback for a rank over a set of sub-bands; precoding matrix selector circuitry to: provide a wideband precoding matrix index (PMI) for a wideband precoding matrix from a codebook for the set of sub-bands based on the rank of the set of sub-bands; and provide a sub-band precoding matrix index (PMI) for a sub-band precoding matrix from the codebook for a sub-band from the set of the sub-bands, and wherein the sub-band PMI is generated based on the rank of the set of sub-bands; and decoder circuitry to decode a data stream transmitted based on the sub-band precoding matrix.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the wideband precoding matrix is constant over the set of sub-bands.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the apparatus is in a baseband chip of one from a group comprising a mobile phone, a handheld device, a receiver, a base station, a transmitter.
 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the apparatus is outside a baseband chip of one from a group comprising a mobile phone, a handheld device, a receivers, a base stations, a transmitter.
 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the circuit is further to select the wideband precoding matrix to maximize a data rate in transmission.
 15. An apparatus comprising: means for providing a rank corresponding to a set of sub-bands and a feedback on the rank; means for providing a wideband precoding matrix index (PMI) of a wideband precoding matrix corresponding to the set of sub-bands and the rank of the set of sub-bands; and means for providing a sub-band precoding matrix index (PMI) of a sub-band precoding matrix for a sub-band from the set of the sub-bands, and wherein the sub-band precoding matrix is generated corresponding to the rank of the set of sub-bands, wherein the wideband precoding matrix is based on a maximum likelihood estimate of a transmit correlation matrix.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the sub-band precoding matrix is used to precode a transmission signal to be transmitted by the apparatus.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the transmission signal is to be received by a receiver comprising a linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer. 